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Space, science and reference

Reference pages built from official data: IUPAC atomic weights, NIST constants, NASA planetary figures and live rocket launch schedules.

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Space, science and reference

  • Periodic table of the elementsInteractive periodic table with all 118 elements: symbol, atomic number, standard atomic weight with its uncertainty, group, period, block, state at 25 °C and year of discovery.
  • How many elements are in the periodic table?There are 118 named chemical elements. Where the number comes from, which were the last four, and why it can still grow.
  • The speed of lightThe speed of light in vacuum is exactly 299,792,458 m/s. The value in km/s, km/h and mph, why it has no uncertainty, and how long light takes to reach us.
  • The Planck constantThe Planck constant is exactly 6.62607015 × 10⁻³⁴ J Hz⁻¹. Its value, the reduced constant ħ, and why it now defines the kilogram.
  • The gravitational constant GG = 6.67430(15) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻². Why the oldest constant in physics is still the worst measured one.
  • The Avogadro constantThe Avogadro constant is exactly 6.02214076 × 10²³ mol⁻¹. What it counts, why it changed status in 2019, and how it links grams to atoms.
  • Molar mass calculatorType any chemical formula and get the molar mass in g/mol, the mass share of each element and the combined uncertainty, computed from the IUPAC standard atomic weights.
  • Sodium chloride (NaCl): formula and molar massSodium chloride, NaCl, has a molar mass of 58.44 g/mol. The formula, the mass share of sodium and chlorine, and why NaCl has no molecules.
  • Molar mass of water (H₂O)Water, H₂O, has a molar mass of 18.015 g/mol. How the number is built from hydrogen and oxygen, and how many molecules a glass holds.
  • Molar mass of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)Glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆, has a molar mass of 180.16 g/mol. The formula, the composition by mass, and why fructose shares the same formula.
  • Chemical formula of aspirin (C₉H₈O₄)Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid, C₉H₈O₄, molar mass 180.16 g/mol. The formula, the composition and how a 500 mg tablet converts to moles.
  • The order of the planetsThe eight planets in order from the Sun, with distance, size, mass, year length, day length and moon count, from NASA figures.
  • How many planets are in the Solar System?Eight, since 2006. The IAU definition, where Pluto went, and the five recognised dwarf planets.
  • How big is the universe?The observable universe is about 93 billion light years across, though it is only 13.8 billion years old. Why those numbers are not contradictory.
  • How long does it take to get to Mars?Real cruise times of NASA missions to Mars, from 200 to 254 days, why the launch window comes round every 26 months, and what a crewed trip would mean.
  • Proxima Centauri bProxima Centauri b orbits the closest star to the Sun, 4.25 light years away. Minimum mass, orbital period, the habitable zone question and what is still unknown.
  • How many exoplanets have been discovered?6,372 confirmed exoplanets in the NASA Exoplanet Archive as of 1 October 2026. How the count is kept, how they are found, and why it keeps climbing.
  • Halley's Comet and its return in 2061Halley's Comet reaches perihelion again on 28 July 2061. Its orbit, the 1986 pass, and the two meteor showers it still feeds every year.
  • Asteroid Apophis: the close approach of 2029Apophis passes about 31,600 km above Earth on 13 April 2029, closer than geostationary satellites, and will not hit us. What the JPL data actually say.
  • How to become an astronautThe published requirements for NASA and ESA astronaut candidates: degrees, experience, medical standards, and how selection works.
  • Rocket launch scheduleUpcoming orbital rocket launches with their current T-0, rocket, mission and status, from the Launch Library 2 feed, refreshed every 30 minutes.
  • Rocket launches todayRocket launches scheduled for today, with the time in UTC, the rocket, the mission and the current status. Live feed.
  • SpaceX launch scheduleUpcoming SpaceX launches — Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy and Starship — with the current T-0 and status. Live feed, refreshed every 30 minutes.
  • NASA launch scheduleUpcoming launches operated by NASA, with the current T-0 and status, plus how to read a NASA mission date. Live feed.
  • Artemis II launch dateWhat Artemis II is, the current target date from the launch feed and from NASA, the crew, and what the mission will actually do.
  • Solar flares and sunspots todayX-ray flares recorded in the last 24 hours and 7 days, the active sunspot regions and their flare probabilities, from NOAA SWPC. Refreshed every 30 minutes.
  • The Fibonacci sequenceThe Fibonacci sequence, the first 40 terms, the Binet formula, its link to the golden ratio, and where it genuinely appears in nature.
  • Prime numbersAll 168 prime numbers up to 1000, the sieve of Eratosthenes, twin primes, and the largest prime known today.
  • Catalan numbersThe Catalan numbers 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132…, the recurrence that generates them, and the problems they all answer.
  • Timeline of World War IIA timeline of the Second World War from the invasion of Poland in 1939 to the Japanese surrender in 1945, with the archive to check each date against.
  • Timeline of the Cold WarThe Cold War in nineteen dates, from the iron curtain speech to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, with archives to check them against.
  • Science trivia questions and answersTen science trivia questions with answers you can check: every answer cites the authority it comes from, from IUPAC to NIST.
  • Space trivia questions and answersTen space trivia questions with checkable answers, sourced to NASA, JPL, the IAU and the NASA Exoplanet Archive.